Empiricism and Behaviorism Essay -- essays research papers

the turn of the twentieth century, the field of Psychology found itself in a contend between two contending theoretical perspectives Gestalt psychology versus Behaviorism. With its roots within the United States, mannerists in America were developing a theory that believed psychology should not be concerned with the mind or with human consciousness. Instead, behavior and the actions of humans would be the foremost concern of psychologists. Across the Atlantic, Gestalt psychology emerged by placing its criticism upon the methodology of introspection, especially by ways of disparaging behaviorism. Although the two theories originated on separate continents, their opposing ideas were brought together after World War II and continued to battle apiece other for almost half a century. An American psychologist, by the name of John B. Watson, is historically known for selling the idea of Behaviorism to other American psychologists during the 1900s. Watson insisted that psychology had fai led to become an undisputed natural science because it was concerned with conscious processes that were invisible, subjective, and incapable of precise definition (Hunt, page256). Watsons position on human behavior was that it could be explained entirely in terms of reflexes, stimulus-response associations, and the effects of multiple reinforcements upon a person--entirely excluding any mental processes. Watsons work was based on the experiments of Ivan Pavlov, who had studied animals responses to conditioning. In Pavlovs most well-known experiment, he rang a bell each time he presented the dogs with food. Every time the dogs would hear the bell, their initial response would be to salivate because they believed that food was going to be offered. Pavlov then rang the bell without bringing food, yet the dogs continued to salivate. In essence, the dogs had been conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell. From this research, Pavlov cerebrate that humans also react to stimuli in t he same way--a finding that Watson would later emphasize.In modern psychology, behaviorism is most closely associated with B.F. Skinner, a man who forge his reputation by testing Watsons theories in the laboratory. Skinners studies led him to believe that people operate on the environment to produce sure consequences, along with sim... ...alist thought and empiricism primarily embodies the question of how humans gain knowledge. In rationalism, pure reason is used in determining the fundamental natures of things and it is by dint of human intuition and deductive reasoning that humans can obtain knowledge. Rationalists assert that there is an already existing innate knowledge, which is independent of experience, which God has bestowed upon every human individual. Descartes believed that, without innate ideas, no other information could be known. Furthermore, our innate knowledge is not learned through experience but is known intuitively through reason. Empiricists criticized the rationalists at this point, arguing that the matters of the innate ideas were in fact learned through ones previous experiences. They emphasized that large amounts of knowledge were gained through interaction with societywhich occurs in early childhood and therefore cannot be considered intrinsic. Moreover, empiricists accentuate the notion that knowledge stem from internal mental experiences (such as perception and self-reflection). For empiricists, facts precede theories and it is plausible for one to be a fair, unbiased observer of facts.

Success of Coke Essay -- Coca-Cola Essays

There are very few corporations that hold such world popularity resembling the Coca-Cola Company. The trademark of Coca-Cola is by far one of the worlds most popular brand names. Coca-Cola dominates the product industry and sets a standard of competition not easily met. Research shows that the trademark is recognized by over 94% of the worlds population and is the most widely recognized word spare-time activity OK. Cokes original formula was conceived in the late 19th Century. It original business began as a health formula with less than 10 servings a day in its first year. Now business is credited with approximately 1 billion servings consumed each day. Coca-Cola now holds a monopoly on the daft booze industry and includes a colossal 500 product range. Coca-Cola led the first parts of early publicise endorsement, and as early as 1886 the corporation began promoting its product. From there it began the revolution of product advertisement that is now evident in constantlyy par t of life. Coke is seen as one of the founding fathers for the present merchandising competition that now infests modern living. It was an early pioneer of the styles used to capture an audience, and has continued its developments into product advertising. It was one of the first companies to offer a gimmick with it product, this cosmos a small yo-yo. Throughout the era in 1886-2000 the product has been by a change a marketing plea. It was as early as 1904 that Coca-Cola began presenting the drink as a delicious and refreshing formula. This familiar slogan has been continually repeated for nearly 100 years selling Coke as a great Drink. There is certainly a factor that has added to Coca-Cola controlling such a monopoly of the soft drink industry. Whether that factor is its original and unique taste that has captured the world, or is it the cleverly designed advertisements that admit captured the mind of todays generations? In this essay I hope to express my opinions on why such a product has gained such world popularity. I hope to make you think twice before choosing your product and point out the strong role that advertising has placed in our generation. There is no doubt in my mind that most of Cokes, if not all of Cokes business is due to the clever marketing strategies that they have employed over the years. Over time coke has built an image, this image reflects what we think of when we bu... ...lds. Looking at the issue through my eyes, I have openhanded up with the knowledge that coke is its own individual product, not just individual brand. This idea has been programmed by the adverts that show coke cosmos the one and only. These ads abet both desire and action they create a sense of urgency for the product, by showing Coke being drunk and loved by all. Coke, being one of the early pioneers of product advertisement has been able to create, shape and destroy the successful and unsuccessful forms of advertisement. This extensive and powerful knowle dge, has allowed coke to change its marketing pleas through the eras. I believe this powerful knowledge has allowed coke to grow into the empire it is today.I believe it is not possible for one product to grow so popular due to its taste. The product would not have spread so rigorously throughout the world because of its taste only. Coke has been clever in its sponsoring of events which has allowed it massive amounts of advertising virtually unequal to any other product in the world today. I wonder whether any other company can ever be as successful as Coke or is Coke to far in front for any company to ever catch up

Theme of Loneliness in Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein essays Shell

Theme of Loneliness in Frankenstein In the novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, one of the key themes is loneliness. For many, more or less of their time is spent with people, whether it is friends, family, coworkers, or strangers. Many of the characters in this book break that norm and spend countless hours solo. Having time to reflect and think about everything. Sometimes, the characters atomic number 18 subdued lonely, even with people, and sometimes friends around them. The first character that we are introduced to is R. Walton. He is on a ship with many deck hands and crewmembers, exactly in his letter to Margaret, his sister, he states, I have no friend. Even when I am glowing with the enthusiasm of success, there will be no(prenominal) to participate my joy if I am assailed by disappointment, no one will endeavor to sustain to me dejection. Although Walton has a boat full of men, he still feels lonely and friendless, and wishes he had a male companion to s ympathize with him. Perhaps the reason that he feels this way is that he is looking for a different figure of friend than what these tough sailors can offer. I spoke of my (Walton) desire of finding a friend, of my thirst for a more intimate sympathy with a fellow mind than had ever fallen to my lot. The next character that we meet who is lonely is Victor Frankenstein. At first he doesnt seem to be because, since he was a child he has had Elizabeth as a constant playmate and friend, along with Henry Clerval. But when he leaves to go to college in Ingolstadt, he feels all alone because he has left all his friends behind him. Although his professor, Waldman, befriends him, there, at Ingolstadt, he spends many hours secluded and alone, working on his creation, the... ...ry. The loneliness of Frankenstein and the monster drove them miserable for almost their lives, and in the end, to death. Walton on the other had, turns back to civilization, perhaps learning something from the story of Victor Frankenstein. In the book Frankenstein, there were many moments of glory for Victor Frankenstein, only when in the end he only ending up destroying many of his family, himself, and the monster after suffering through loneliness and grief for a regretful part of his life. Sources Botting, Fred. Making Monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992 Williams, Bill. On Loneliness in Frankenstein. http//www.umich.edu/umfandsf/class/books/frank/papers/FrankWJW.html

Against United States Currency Mentioning God Essays -- Politics Gover

In God We Trust should be removed from United States currency. The mention of God, which is a religious belief, misrepresents those United States citizens who do not hold this belief. In Source D, Jon Murray, President of the non-profit organization American Atheists, argues that the motto In God We Trust inscribed on the mint violates the costless Speech, Free Exercise, and Establishment clauses of the First Amendment. It violates Free Speech by the inability to erase or eliminate the inscription by making it illegal by criminal law that whoever fraudulently alters, defaces, mutilates, impairs, diminishes, falsifies, scales, or lightens any of the coins coined at the mints of the United States shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than louver years, or both (18 USC Sec 331). It is likewise this way with paper notes in 18 USC Sec 332. To function in this society, people must carry near money. People who dont support the inscription are forced to carry around fa lse representation and therefore, according to Murray, this violates the Free Expression Act. The Establishment Clause isnt so clear, mainly that Church and State must be separate and that the government should avoid any entanglements with religion. Recently, instead of Will there be too practically government entanglement with religion? judges have been defining violation of the Establishment as if the subject ?benefits religion in a way more direct and more substantial than practices that are excepted into our national heritage.? And that?s what the blurry notion of what?s religious and what?s in our heritage is (Source I).A general argument debating the motto on our coins is that ?God? is not, in fact, a religious belief, merely an important par... ...DocServer/In_God_We_Trust_In_Public_Schools.pdf?docID=151?.Leahy, James E. The First Amendment, 1791-1991 Two Hundred days of Freedom. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. 1991.Murray, Jon. ?God On Our Coins?. American Atheists . Sept. 14, 1988. .Swank, Grant. ?Atheist Attacks ?In God We Trust.?? The Conservative Voice. Aug. 16, 2006. .United States Department of the Treasury. Coins and Currency. History of ?In God We Trust?. Online Database. August 31, 2007. .W.W. Hening. Statutes at Large of Virginia, vol. 12. 1823. Jefferson, Thomas. Pages 84-86 ?Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.? .

Wal-Mart Supply Chain Management Essay -- Wal-Mart Logistics

Retail super-giant Wal-Mart has fought its way to becoming the worldslargest company. Much of their success can be attributed to providinga vast assortment of products at extraordinary prices all under oneroof. Wal-Mart began operations in 1964 and has since become theworld leader in retail. Today, Wal-Mart is visited by 138 million nodes per week at their 4,750 stores. Wal-Mart operates under quaternity basic rules in order to satisfy such a large number of customersRespect the individual, provide the best service to their customers,strive for excellence, and exceed customer expectations. Their corporate mission focuses on a global growth strategy throughconcentrated integration. The company continues to expand itsexisting discount stores, warehouses, and super-centers. The companymaintains ii goals First, Provide the customer with what they regard,when they want it, all at value and secondly, team spirit throughtotal dependency on associates to treat customers as they would want to be treated. Their business strategy is to provide well-known namebrands at an everyday low price. Wal-Mart has a wide range of productsoffered. They offer everything from electronics, movies, books, toys,games, gardening supplies, substructure supplies, photo development, gifts,jewelry, and at some locations even automobile, optometry, and groceryshopping centers.In operating its network of retail stores Wal-Mart pushes their outputto the general public. Wal-Mart focuses their competitive prioritieson bring the customer the lowest prices by selling in volume. Thevast size and selection essentially guarantees that the store willhave what the customer wants in tenor and at a cheaper price thancompetitors. This strategy allows them to outsell their competition. In order to facilitate the achievement of their goals Wal-Mart hasdesigned their layout to accommodate a large number of shoppers at thesame time. They build expansive stores with wide aisles so that manypeople can feel co mfortable shopping at the same time. Wal-Mart hastaken the first step to build stores in countless rural towns andsmaller cities. They have increased their market share and havegained a reputable name by doing so. At the same time, this benefithas created an enormous supply chain management problem. How canWal-Mart effectively keep all of its... ...y at creating an efficient supply chain in orderto beat the competition on price and selection has certainly paidoff. Works CitedBacheldor, Beth. Information Week. ?Sen. Leahy Calls On Congress toStudy RFID.? Accessed 4/30/04. http//www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?ArticleID=18402616Beatty, Vernon L., Jr. ?You Gonna Be a Greeter Accessed 4/30/04. http//www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/janfeb97/ms046.htm.Bianco, Anthony and Zellner, Wendy. Business Week. ?Is Wal-Mart TooPowerful Accesed 5/3/04. http//www.businessweek.com/maganize/content/03_04/b3852001_mz001.htm ?Carrers.? Wal-Mart. Accessed 4/30/04. http//www.walmartstore s.com/wmstores/wmstores.Fishman, Charles. Fast Company. ?The Wal-Mart You Don?t Know.? Accessed 5/2/04.http//www.fastcompany.com/magazine/77/walmart.htmlHeizer, Jay and Render, Barry. Operations Management. SeventhEdition. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 2004. ?Stauffer v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.? US Department of Labor. Accessed4/30/04. http//www.oalj.dol.gov/public/wblower/decsn/99sta21c.htm?Wal-Mart Effect? Accessed 5/3/04. http//www.wordspy.com/words/Wal-Marteffect.asp.

Wal-Mart Supply Chain Management Essay -- Wal-Mart Logistics

Retail super-giant Wal-Mart has fought its way to becoming the worldslargest company. Much of their success can be attributed to providinga vast assortment of products at exceptional prices every last(predicate) under oneroof. Wal-Mart began operations in 1964 and has since become theworld leader in retail. Today, Wal-Mart is visited by 138 million customers per week at their 4,750 stores. Wal-Mart operates underfour sanctioned rules in social club to satisfy such a large number of customersRespect the individual, provide the best service to their customers,strive for excellence, and exceed customer expectations. Their corporal mission focuses on a global growth strategy throughconcentrated integration. The company continues to expand itsexisting discount stores, warehouses, and super-centers. The companymaintains two goals First, translate the customer with what they want,when they want it, all at value and secondly, team spirit throughtotal dependency on associates to treat cu stomers as they would wantto be treated. Their business strategy is to provide well-known namebrands at an everyday low price. Wal-Mart has a wide range of productsoffered. They offer everything from electronics, movies, books, toys,games, gardening supplies, home supplies, photo development, gifts,jewelry, and at some locations even automobile, optometry, and groceryshopping centers.In operating its network of retail stores Wal-Mart pushes their outputto the general cosmos. Wal-Mart focuses their competitive prioritieson bringing the customer the lowest prices by selling in volume. Thevast size and selection essentially guarantees that the store willhave what the customer wants in stock and at a cheaper price thancompetitors. This strategy allows them to outsell their competition. In order to facilitate the achievement of their goals Wal-Mart hasdesigned their layout to accommodate a large number of shoppers at the analogous time. They physical body expansive stores with wide ai sles so that manypeople can feel comfortable shopping at the same time. Wal-Mart hastaken the initiative to build stores in countless rural towns andsmaller cities. They have increased their market share and havegained a reputable name by doing so. At the same time, this benefithas created an enormous supply chain management problem. How canWal-Mart effectively keep all of its... ...y at creating an efficient supply chain in orderto beat the competition on price and selection has certainly paidoff. Works CitedBacheldor, Beth. Information Week. ?Sen. Leahy Calls On Congress toStudy RFID.? Accessed 4/30/04. http//www.informationweek.com/ accounting/showArticle.jhtml?ArticleID=18402616Beatty, Vernon L., Jr. ?You Gonna Be a Greeter Accessed 4/30/04. http//www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/janfeb97/ms046.htm.Bianco, Anthony and Zellner, Wendy. Business Week. ?Is Wal-Mart TooPowerful Accesed 5/3/04. http//www.businessweek.com/maganize/content/03_04/b3852001_mz001.htm ?Carrers.? Wal-Mart. Accessed 4/30/04. http//www.walmartstores.com/wmstores/wmstores.Fishman, Charles. debased Company. ?The Wal-Mart You Don?t Know.? Accessed 5/2/04.http//www.fastcompany.com/magazine/77/walmart.htmlHeizer, Jay and Render, Barry. Operations Management. SeventhEdition. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey, 2004. ?Stauffer v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.? US Department of Labor. Accessed4/30/04. http//www.oalj.dol.gov/public/wblower/decsn/99sta21c.htm?Wal-Mart Effect? Accessed 5/3/04. http//www.wordspy.com/words/Wal-Marteffect.asp.

Assignment Tears

Tears streamed down my face as God had provided inviolable confirmation that believing in Jesus was the most Jewish thing that I could ever do. Lev Leigh, Messianic Jewish replace (p . 65) The Story of Peter not Just assuming how Peter Felt Drawing on The Real Mary p. 66 The struggle to accept a different messiah than was anticipate Lauren Winner p. 68 Conversion from an Orthodox Jew to a JM dew to Messianic Jew) One of the things that happens when you convert is, you feel family-less, even if your own family doesnt cast you out.And so, should you convert again, you lose tout ensemble sorts of things ot Just your library and your vocabulary and your prayers, but also your family, all the people who made you their own and who made you yours. Its a good reason to only convert once, if you can help it. Because it is more than Just your religion that you lose. (p. 70) The special kind of conversion when a Jew becomes a Christian Jewish Identity What is a Messianic Jew? Namely, umt een Jews do not give up, or refuse to give up, their fundamental identity as a part of Judaism.They remain observant. These many and steadily-increasing in cocoa Jewish converts who retain their Jewishness are usually called Messianic Jews and are a part of what is called Messianic Judaism. (p. 71) Where do they fit into the overall church spectrum? The branches of the church 1 . Eastern Orthodoxy (The oldest form of Christianity) 2. Western Roman Catholicism 3. Protestantism 4. Anabaptism According to McKnight they are either Anabaptist or Protestant nyone familiar with the movement knows immediately that Messianic Judaism stands as a distinct and in many ways primitive form of the Christian faith, which is not to imply that Messianic Jews all practice the same faith.

Movies Represent Storytelling at Its Best Essay

Imagery, hygienics, fabletelling ability, excellent editing, serious acting and creative imaginations be only technically combined to concord a good movie. Movies represent invoicetelling at its best. The author gives a script to the manager who interprets it and creates a core team of professionals that includes the cameraman, the designer (and his team), the serious engineer, the actors, and the editor. They make lms to entertain, to express emotion, tell stories, deliver messages, to dream, to imagine, and it is all because they have a passion that drives them. Filmmaking takes time, patience, dedication, commitment, and an understanding of the process in its totality.If lmmakers are oriented toward story and performance, they must(prenominal)iness learn to visualize the narrative. The story must unfold in the spirits eye, as it is conceived and created. The lmmaker has to see the movie while the screen doorplay is cosmos written and during pre- carrefourion to be gin with the cameras roll. (LoBrutto 2002) Matthew Vaughn created a make-believe movie which insinuates that mutants are everyday people that exist among us and in that location were times during the movie that the thought true(a)ly crossed my mind. owe to the fact that, making a rent is a well-nigh complex artistic enterprise and that, movie making is the only creative endeavor that encompasses all of the arts writing, photography, painting, acting, music, dance, and architecture the filmmaker must take on the challenge of telling a story via image and sound each time a movie is make. (LoBrutto 2002) StorytellingA movie is a story it is as simple as that. Movies are satisfyingly a category of art that use sundry(a) kinds of technical combinations of imagery and sounds to tell stories. However, how the story is told, often make fictions seem real, non-fictions become personal, fantasy appear realistic and musicals, like Burlesque, http//y surfaceu.be/9snF_LsF-OI expand into so ng and dance. thither is always something that viewers can relate to in movies. Nevertheless, Movies are non, and are not meant to be, blueprints for how to live our lives. They are, however, reflections of lives. (Goodykoontz, & angstrom unit Jacobs 2011) The story, X-Men First Class, is about former sousedted mutants coming out and embracing their difference. However, the film began with a setting during the period of the final solution when Magneto was a young boy in Poland.The boys name was Erik Lehnsherr (later named Magneto). The story highlights aspects of the enslavement of Jews by the German Gustapo. The close-up tornados of the numbers that were branded on the arms of the Jewish people in the concentration camp align the story with an actual historical event. Those shots coupled with the boys forceful insulation from his mother help to au whenceticate and solidify the directors attempt at reality. His resentment and fury at the separation triggered his mutant power of magnetism that caused him to rip the metal fence that stood mingled with himself and his mother. The Gustapo commanders name was Schmidt (later Sebastian Shaw). It was he who shot and killed Eriks mother in cold blood, before the child resulting in Eriks mutant power of magnetism being triggered and magnified during his subsequent wrothful outburst. Sebastian Shaw murdered the boys mother because he wanted to see a demonstration of the boys mutant powers.Mission accomplished, Shaw wanted to recrudesce and harness Eriks mutant power to use it as a weapon. On the other hand, Charles Xavier was a brilliant academic who is of gentry stock. As we maxim it when he was a boy, he had the power of telepathy. He also had the ability to read and control other peoples minds. In the beginning of the film, Charles was instead blatant and unapologetic about reading peoples minds without their permission as was the case when he was talking the woman at the bar, before prey interrupted. He be came a CIA consultant on humans with mutant abilities then later he and Erik (who became his close friend) recruited, trained and formed X-Men First Class a department within the CIA. Both men, Charles and Erik formed a league of mutants to fight against the plans of the evil Sebastian Shaw. There were also minor plot lines about interpersonal relationships and the mutants personal insecurities as it related to personal acceptance. Overall the storyline of a Jews punish against his former Gustapo torturers was good revenge in this case was sweet.ActingActors are the most visible elements in a film. The actors . In X-Men First Class There was wild card and character actors but there were no star actors (except for Hugh Jackmans unity clip appearance when he used the f word). The acting was mediocre because at times it did not come across as being natural. It appeared to be acting, more(prenominal) the pillow slip for a stage production than for the cinema. However, if I should co mpare the two main characters Michael Fassbender did a good job of portraying Eriks anger, loss and hurt that he suffered growing up in a concentration camp. McAvoy in Charles character on the other hand, did not have some(prenominal) negative experience to work with and his character came across as Eriks boring telepathic side-kick. Kevin Bacon did justice to Sebastian Shaws character. With the exception of Raven, the other actors were not really given much screen time. There were many actors but not much solid acting, although there was a lot of meet.CinematographyThe director of motion-picture photographys job is to take the directors view of how the movie should look and help the director to get the shots that he wants with ideas on camera angles, types of cameras, and inflaming suggestions that lead best serve the director in getting the type of feel he wants out of each scene in the movie. (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs 2011). The cinematographer is specifically responsible fo r its look, in very specific, shot-by-shot terms. He or she is responsible for the images that the camera sees, and by extension the images that the audience will see in the finish film. . Cinematography means writing with movement. (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs 2011). http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAbhclxSNTwThe cinematographer demonstrated knowledge based brilliance and skillful use of all type of shots in this clip. He coupled it with the bright natural sunshine made the finale to this clip quite moving. The words Never Again were delivered in a deep focus close up shot of Magneto. The cinematographer used long, medium and close-up shots as well as deep focus. His variety of shots and choice of lightings made this film very entertaining.EditingThe film editor helps create the film, literally constructing it, piecing together different takes of individual scenes and then placing the selected scenes in the order that tells the story the director wants to tell. The editors role is cruc ial to the making of a successful film. Poor editing does the audience the ultimate disservice when it comes to film. (Goodykoontz, 2009). The scenes were betting paced, action packed, story driven to the point where there was nothing noticeably wrong or out of place with the editing. It was done in an incongruous style and that added to the boilers suit excitement. The fast movements created the desire to watch this film again and again. The editing was clean. There were no visible or audible hitches. The story flowed and it was quite riveting and entertaining because it reflected real life human struggles for acceptance.SoundMusic has been a crucial part of the movie going experience since before the advent of recorded sound in films. So important was its use that over time directors began inserting musical cues, or signals, for specific music to be played at specific times. (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs 2011) I particularly favored the scene that brought Xavier and Erik together it contained a variety of magnificent sounds. When Erik was in the sea and there was also a bevy of boats and ships around him there were sounds of boat horns there were natural sounds of water splashing against the sides of the ships and the ripping sounds of the speed boats dividing the water.During the destruction of Shaws ship, there were credible sound effects of the unreeling of the massive bowed stringed instrument on the anchor the crashing banging sounds and the explosive sounds. The complimentary sound of back run aground orchestra music playing that cockeyed repeated andante beat (da-dap da-dap da-dap) that suggests action and then there was the dialogue. Overall, the music and sounds were seamlessly interwoven into each scene to further engage the audiences attention. Added to that, amidst all the other sounds, the dialogue was clear and audible. The overall sound for this movie was good.Style and DirectingA film director is the creative force behind a movie. He is the o ne who is responsible for the end product that the viewing public pays to see at the movie theatre. His word is final on the visuals, the sounds and the acting. According to Vincent LoBrutto in his book, The Filmmakers Guide to intersection soma A good director must have a rm idea of how to translate the script cinematically. (LoBrutto 2002) LoBrutto went on further to say that, directors read the script for an overall impression and impact. It does not matter who the scriptwriter(s) is/are, it is the directors interpretation, shots and takes that viewers see at the movie theatres. The buck stops at the film director. (LoBrutto 2002) Director Matthew Vaughn has his bear fast-paced action-packed style of directing. http//www.imdb.com/name/nm0891216/ He tried to make peculiar book characters seem real by fusing natural historic events like the holocaust (Erik was in the concentration camp during the Holocaust where his mom was killed) and the Cuban missile crisis into the plot.Vau ghn created elaborate shore up and set designs and he used every computer artistic production skill to enhance the story. X-Men First Class doesnt just rely on the usual fast paced scenes and top notch special effects that are typical of action movies it raises the bar several notches. It doesnt lose its sentimental core amidst the explosions and super feats but it continues to provide viewers a complex storyline to follow. This is Vaughns Kick Ass style. There is humor as in the training sessions when Banshee, after receiving clear instructions and encouragement fell straight to ground without even attempting to try.There was much laughter at his expense. Humor is Vaughn style as his previous work Kick Ass showed that coupled with the elaborate props and high tech sound effects complete his signature on the project. The director Matthew Vaughn placed his stamp on this movie through the production design, the acting, the dialogue, the cinematography and especially the sounds. http //www.imdb.com/name/nm0891216/ Impact of society on the film and vice versaWhether it is in appearance, fashion, or behavior, films romanticize a certain lifestyle that is eagerly imitated by audiences. Fashion magazines promise that we can Get Angelinas Look if we follow the tips inside. Celebrity gossip publications keep readers up-to-date on the comings and goings of seemingly everyone who has appeared in a movie. The Internet and social media are practically choked with chatter about film box-office results, reviews, gossip, and more. Beyond such obviously shallower aspects, film can influence how we live, our morality, and our behavior. (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs 2011) Film can influence how we live, our morality, and our behavior. (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs 2011) Filmmakers will argue that, this effect is unintentional because movies are a part of a make believe ball but there are those who pattern what they see, and make it their reality.An example of societys impact on film i s portrayed in the indelible relate that the holocaust had on Erik he was soaked with hatred and revenge for the former Gustapos who imprisoned him, especially Sebastian Shaw. This is a portrayal of the agony that the Jewish people suffered at the hands of the Germans. That intrinsic hatred became the fuel for his mutant powers. The others had to hide their difference from median(prenominal) society, for fear of rejection but above all the fear of unknown response to them. Likewise, the film is highlighting the fact that some people among us who are different from us, want acceptance and they also want to feel a maven of belonging just like normal people. Their differences are as varied as the characters in the film and their needs are as similar. It is sending a message of acceptance, brotherhood and unity.GenreA genre is so called because it tends to use familiar story formulas, character types, settings, and iconography (visual imagery with symbolic implications), all of whic h lead viewers to have certain expectations about what the movie will be like before actually watching it. . (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs 2011) It is a type, or category of films that is usually easily recognizable as part of a certain genre. Genres tell the audience up front what to expect from the product they are buying. If they like a particular kind of story, chances are they will like this particular film, especially if the writer and director give the expectations a little twist. X-Men First Class is an action-fantasy. It is loaded with action but it is also loaded with some fantastic comic book feats. At the start of the film, the MARVEL logo is shown that is an indicator that it is a comic book story. The ability for humans to alter and mutate into other beings, is genre specific activities for fantasy. While the fast-paced actions during the confrontations/battles with good and evil are typical of action films.Therefore, it is difficult to place the film within any one genre because it can fit into several drama (Eriks beginning and the dramatic separation from his mother) fantasy (Eriks control of the missiles in mid-air) action (the air and sea confrontation). Application of at least one approach to analysis and Interpretation Films are often used to express emotion, deliver a message, to dream and to imagine all having to do with human psychology. A psychological approach to analyzing a film is especially concerned with how a film provides examples of various psychological theories and concepts, particularly those of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung (e.g., sexual symbolism, subconscious repression and dreams, the id, ego, and superego, the collective unconscious). Identity crisis was an issue in the film. Psychologist Erik Eriksons psychosocial opening of human growth and development at the fifth stage looks at Identity versus Identity confusion.This was played out so well by Raven. It states that adolescents must be allowed to explore different roles i n a healthy manner in order to achieve a positive identity or else they will experience identity confusion. (Santrock, 1989) Raven obviously received no previous parental guidance regarding self-acceptance and role explorations she hid behind a morphed socially accepted form. She was more comfortable being someone else and she often abandoned her true identity. Accept Yourself http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Csii_f5f204 You want society to accept you, but you cant even accept yourself, said Magneto to Raven. Raven had a serious problem of identity confusion and she struggled with self-acceptance. In the above clip Erik challenged her to accept herself in her true blue form. The movie embraced people who were physically different, while at the same time it was highlighting their struggles to gain social acceptance and their deep-down desire to be normal.This point was introduced as early as the meeting with Charles and Raven. http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEKxXYrb2Rk The insecurities a bout their difference continued to play out in the dialogue between Raven and Charles as well as Raven and Hank. http//youtu.be/PKnL_MwwU3o Charles Xavier, who like Erik, had no visible disability, seemed to have had a more rational approach to life in general. He was more in control of his behavior and his decisions than Erik. According to Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, the ego makes rational decisions (Santrock, 1989 p. 34). An example of this was the scene where Charles was in his kitchen and Raven (who he looked upon as a sister) entered in her unclothed blue form, in a sensual rather sexual manner.Charles ego quickly assessed the situation and decided that it was wrong and he chided her with disgust in his voice. His conscious ego made a decision. Similarly, psychologist Albert Banduras social learning theory speaks to conforming to social behavior within the ones environment (Witt & Mossler, 2010). Charles Xavier knew that society, especially the upper class to which he belong ed, would definitely not accept Raven in her true form. His socialization caused him not to even consider having a relationship with a blue woman blue blooded one, perhaps.Overall textual themesThere are five categories that make up the theme of every film the plot, the emotional mood, the character, style or texture, and ideas. (Goodykoontz, & Jacobs 2011) There were several themes in this film. Self-Acceptance The lack of social acceptance motivated the mutants to bond together as a brotherhood and help each other to gain control of their super power as well as provide them with a safe non-judgmental environment. Brotherhood and Unity They watch out for and watch over each other they literally function like a family with Erik and Charles as the parents. At Charles castle during the training days. Inter-Personal Relationships Charles and Erik seem to have a deep seated tenderness for each other as was seen in those close up shots when Charles was shot in his back. Erik held him in his arms and the moment captured a deep relationship. Revenge Erik hunted and killed all his torturers. Sebastian Shaws killing was the final revenge and the sweetest.ConclusionImagery, sounds, storytelling ability, excellent editing, serious acting and creative imaginations are all technically combined to make a good movie. Movies represent storytelling at its best. The writer gives a script to the director who interprets it and creates a core team of professionals that includes the cinematographer, the designer (and his team), the sound engineer, the actors, and the editor. They make lms to entertain, to express emotion, tell stories, deliver messages, to dream, to imagine, and it is all because they have a passion that drives them.Filmmaking takes time, patience, dedication, commitment, and an understanding of the process in its totality. If lmmakers are oriented toward story and performance, they must learn to visualize the narrative. The story must unfold in the minds eye, as it is conceived and created. The lmmaker has to see the movie while the screenplay is being written and during pre-production before the cameras roll. (LoBrutto 2002) The film was good, exciting, colorful, action packed and almost believable. However, due to its suggested sexual table of contents and the one time use of the f word, I cannot recommend it for the family. Twaitney O.ReferenceGoodykoontz, B., & Jacobs, C. P. (2011). Film From Watching to Seeing. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc.LoBrutto, V. (2002) The Filmmakers Guide to Production Design New York, NY Allworth Press Santrock, J. W. (1995). Life-Span Development. Dubuque, IA Brown & Benchmark Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult Development & Life Assessment. 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Child of the Americas Essay

I interpreted that this line meant that the verbaliser had been exposed to european culture and adapted some of the european customs into their own individualised culture. Through out the poem the speaker describe her heritage and the cultures she identifies as, and I believe that Europe lives in me, but I have no infrastructure there simply means she is creating memories and experiences that takes place in europe but she has never truly lived there or been there long enough to bring up it home.How does the speaker describe herself?Throughout Child of the Americas the speaker describes herself as many varied nationalities. She uses the metaphors I am not African, Africa is in meSpanish is in my manakinI am not European, Europe lives in me to show us that because she identifies herself as american she can also be seen as all these different nationalities because America is a country in which many different cultures have settled down and started to fuse together into original lif estyles.What is the tone of the poem? Is the speaker defiant, hopeful, angry, confused, ambivalent, proud? Cite specific words and phrases to support your responseI believe that the tone of Child of the Americas is both ambivalent, and proud. The speaker develops these tones through her details. We can restore that her tone is ambivalent because of the way she describes herself. She describes herself as a jumble of different cultures and nationalities. I am a U.S. Puerto Rican JewI am Caribena, Island grown Africa is in me.Tiano is in meEurope lives in me From this we can tell that she is not specifically identifying herself as a single culture which shows us that she has mixed feelings about her heritage. We can jell that her other tone is proud, from the details in her last stanza. She describes herself as new History made me. She also says that I wasborn at the crossroads and I am whole. From these lines we can determine that she was not ashamed of her uniquity. We can tell tha t she is proud of her mixed-up heritage.

Egyptian Planning Law

Egyptian administrative governing bodys Egyptian formation & cookery System Egyptian administrative And proposening Systems content 1. Egyptian administrative system (according to 1971 constitution) 1. 1 The topical anaesthetic anesthetic administrative system. 1. 2 Differences surrounded by Rural and Urban personas in Egypt. 1. 3 Relation amid interchange and topical anaesthetic delegacy. 1. 4 Parliamentary world power (the elected councils). 2. Egyptian unseasoned administrative System (according to 2012 constitution). 2. 1 Relation in the midst of central and local anesthetic authority 2. 2 2. 2 Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils). 3.Egyptian forgening system. (According to the integrated formulation law 119 of the twelvemonth 2008). 3. 1. muniment of The Urban intend Systems 3. 2. The integrated edifice law (Law 119 of the year 2008). 4. Urban training and phylogenesis (law 119 of the year 2008, Articles from 1 to 19). 4. 1. The young pro survey Hi erarchy. 4. 2. The Supreme Council of Planning and Urban Development structure. 4. 3. The general Organization of Physical Planning. 4. 4. The characteral Planning Centers (R. P. P. C) responsibilities. 4. 5. The ecumenical Administration For Urban Planning (G everyplacenment). Responsibilities . 4. Local Authorities Responsibilities and Powers related to the externalisening issues. 5. Evaluation of the urban make for after the unified urban law. 6. Hierarchy and Development plans contents. 7. Examples of the growth plans. 6. 1. The topic Urban Development strategical Plan. 6. 2. The theatrical roleal Urban Development Strategic Plan (greater capital of Egypt Region). 6. 3. Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan. 6. 4. El Zabw (Village) Urban Development Strategic Plan. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 2 content mention of Figures Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates.. . 6. Figure (2). Local Councils Structures . .. . 7. Figure (3). Egypts Planning Regions .. .. 16.. Figure (4). The National Urban Development Strategic Plan . .. 20. Figure (5). The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region). 20. Figure (6). Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan . . 21. Figure (7). El Zabw ( closure) Urban Development Strategic Plan .. 21. List of ShapesShape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy . 5. Shape (2) self allegory The smart Planning Hierarch.. . . 13. Shape (3) self illustration The supreme council of training and urban growth structure .. . 14. Shape (4) The Supreme Council of Planning and Urban Development responsibilities . .. . 15. List of Tables (Table 1) Responsible Governmental Bodies For Planning or Approving the plans before the issue of the unified planning law (119 For the year 2008) .. . 12. Table 2) The hierarchy and the content of the culture plans. . 19. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 3 Egyptian Administrative System Egyptian Administrative system (According t o the 1971 constitution) Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 4 Egyptian Administrative System 1. The Egyptian Administrative System. Introduction Egypt is situated in northeast Africa and borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north along 995 km, the Red Sea in the east along 1,941 km, Palestine and Israel in the northeast along 265 km, Libya in the west along 1,115 km and Sudan in the south along 1,280 km.It is estimated that Egypt covers an area of 1. 2 million km?. Cairo (around 11 million inhabitants) is the capital of Egypt. According to estimates from 2012, the total 1 population of Egypt is 83,335,036. Today the country is organized on five levels. Art. 161 of the 1971 Constitution states that the Arab Republic of Egypt is divided into de jure recognized administrative units. These are Governorates, Centers, Cities, Districts and villages. The Constitution also provides for other legally recognized administrative units to be established where it is in the public inter est.Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 1) and virtuoso metropolis with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates contains 184 center Markez, Centers portion may contain one ore more young buck city, and the cities kingdoms contains fellow districts or fellow villages according to the function, area and population of from all(prenominal) one urban settlement. As shown in shape 1. Shape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy In terms of the constitution, since Egypt became a republic in 1953, the country had various constitutions (1953,1956,1958,1964,1971, and finally 2012 constitution.But due to the absence of the parliament there is no laws issued yet based on that constitution so the adjoining articles is based on the law 43 for the year 1979 based on the 1971 constitution. The Local Administrative System 2 1 26 184 218 Centralized Governorate Cairo Following Governorates Centers Markez Governorates are declared by a electric chairial conclusion. cen ter and cities are declared by the prime minister. Function, area and population are the iii factor the prime minister takes in consideration before converting a village into a city (after a proposal from the Local governmental unit). Cities 78 Districts 4168 Villages Differences amidst Rural and Urban regions in Egypt. Governorates are either fully urban or else an admixture of urban and rural. The official distinction amidst urban and rural is reflected in the lower tiers i. e. fully urban governorates have no regions (Markez) , as the center Markez is natively a conglomeration of villages. Moreover, governorates may comprise fair(a) one city, as in the case of Cairo or Alexandria. Hence, these one-city governorates are solitary(prenominal) divided into districts (urban neighborhoods). Cairo consists of 23 districts Alexandria consists of 6. 1) informant Information and decision aid center, Egypts description by training (2007), vol. 1. (2)Art. 1 in the law 43 of the year 1979 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 5 Egyptian Administrative System Introduction Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates. 3 Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 2) and one city with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates contains 184 center Markez, Centers region may contain one ore more fellow city, and the cities regions contains fellow districts or fellow villages according to the function, area and population of each urban settlement.As shown in figure 1. (3) Source Information and decision incarnate center, Egypts description by information (2007), vol. 1. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 6 Egyptian Local Administrative System 1. 2 Local Democracy 4 1 Each administrative unit in Egypt, on all the levels, governorates ,centers, cities, districts or villages has two councils. As Shown in figure (2). One if them is appointed The Executive Council and the other one is the public assembly which is elected by the people. The Egyptian constitu tion adopts elections as the method for appointing members of local popular councils. onstitution states that local popular council are formed progressively on the level of admin. Units by means of direct suffrage. 4 That the councils are elected by dint of direct and recondite votes and the mandate is for 4 years. 5 The last revisions to the constitution in 2005 and 2007 aimed to give interest to the local elections as it gave the local elected officials the proper(a) to sponsor and support independent candidates during presidential 1 elections. Figure (2). LOCAL COUNCILS STRUCTURES Source Ennahar (M-M), Ladministration locale entre centralisation et decentralisation, Librairie Jalaa El Haditha, 2001, p. 17 and s. (in Arabic). Relation between central and local authority Local councils are subject to many checks carried out by central authorities, which have the last word in terms of managing local affairs. Local councils also comes chthonian jurisdictional soften and the peop les 1 assembly on the other hand, the governor has considerable trusteeship and powers of control over local councils within the governorate popular council has control over the lower councils, according to the hierarchy established between local authorities .Control of Executive power Art. 139 of the law gives the power to the prime minister to declare the dissolution of local councils although the Egyptian legislating has established the principal for electing the local councils it didnt exclude nominating fussy members by the governor. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) Parliament adopts laws setting out the allocations of local authorities.It also has control over councils and local authorities according to the adjacent terms 1 Members of the Peoples convention have the right to attend popular council meetings, to participate in debates, ask questions, offer suggestions and request information without taking part in the voting member. 2 The minister in charge of lo cal administration is required to present an annual report to the electric chair of the Peoples Assembly on the activities and accomplishments of the local popular councils as part of the nurture plan and the budget of each governorate. The Peoples Assembly must be informed of all decisions concerning the dissolution of a local popular council within two weeks of the decision to allow the Assembly to verify that the aforementioned(prenominal) decision conforms to the law. (4) Dr. Khaled Zaki, Department of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG country visibility Egypt. (5) Art. 16 of the 1971. (5) Amended law no. 43 of the year 79. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 7 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the youthful constitute). Egyptian Administrative system (According to the tender constitution (2012)Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 8 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). 2. 1 Relation between central and loc al authority ? Art (183). The country is distributed into local administrative units, each has its own character, and it includes governorates, centers (Markez), cities, districts, and villages, the unit could contains one or more village or district, thats all according to what the law states, in the direction of insuring the decentralization concept, stabilizing the units of provision of utilities and local services, develop it and get out it. Art (184). The country adopt the ask of the local units from technical, managerial and financing support, and grunting the fair distribution of the utilities and services and resources, and decrease the information gap and rate between the units, As regulated by law. ? Art (185). Taxes and the local fees (original and additional fees) going under the financial resources of the units, and follow the same rules, normal and the same procedures of the countrys money. As regulated by law. Art (186). The law organizes the portion and cooperat ion between the local units and each other in the mutual benefit projects, and the means of cooperation between them and the different countrys authorities. ? Art (187) The law organizes the way of choosing the governors and the local governmental units presidents and specifies their powers and responsibilities. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 9 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). 2. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) ? Art (188). Each Local Governmental Unit (LGU) elects a popular council through a direct and the secret ballot for 4 years. The candidates required to be older than twenty-one years. The council includes representative from the Executive authority and they dont have an accountable voice. Each council elects its president and the procurator from the councils members. And the law organizes the other nomination conditions and the election procedures. Art (189) Each LGU is responsible for the unit it represent , and implement and run the local utilities and the economic, social and health domains , as regulated by law. ? Art (190) conclusions of the LGUs consider as definitive decisions, and its not allowed for the executive director authority to interfere or to change pull up some cases The council exceeded its responsibilities. The decisions made are Detrimental for the public interest. In case of disagreeing and controversy on the responsibilities of the LGUs, the country councils Assembly is responsible to decisive and to crystalise the LGUs responsibilities.As regulated by law. ? Art (191) Each LGU is responsible to state their budget and their final accounts, as regulated by law. ? Art (192) Its not assertable to dissolute the LGUs with a comprehensive managerial decisions. And the law organize the way of dissolution the councils and the way of reelecting it. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 10 Egyptian Planning System According to the old constitute (1971) and the Unified Building law 119 of the year 2008 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 11Egyptian Planning System law) 3. 1 History of The Urban planning Systems (Before issuing the unified building Obstacles faced the implantation of urban planning process before the unified law Before issuing the unified planning law in 2008 the Egyptian planning system faced a lot of obstacles, the most prominent one was the interfering between the ministries and entities objectives and responsibilities covered by defective laws. Tasks cooccur and duplication of urban developments plans. Contradictions in decision making. wishing of co-ordination among these wide number of refer entities. The following table shows the overlapping between the Egyptian entities in the planning decision making 6 (Table 1) Responsible Governmental Bodies For Planning or Approving the plans before the issuing of the unified planning law (119 For the year 2008) (6) Analysis of housing supply mechanism In Egyp t. Final report, 2007, the world bank. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 12 Egyptian planning System 3. 2.The unified building law (Law 119 of the year 2008) Introduction Recognizing the major challenges of enforcing urban planning and building regulations due to the contradictions between many laws and decrees issued over m MHUUD proposed to combine all related laws for planning and building in one low to avoid any further conflict The unified building law comprises five chapters 1. urban planning and development. 2. building codes. 3. Conditions for demolitions of buildings . 4. Protection and maintenance of housing buildings. 5. Preservations of buildings with cultural or architectural importance. . Urban Planning and Development 4. 1. The New Planning Hierarchy 7 The idea was institutionalize the urban planning process in Egypt and ensure the efficient of the decisions and the slaying of the development plans. Decentralize the urban planning process within the GOPP T hrough the establishment of the regional centers to support the local units in performing their assigned tasks in urban planning. Giving the small units much bigger role in the decision making process. Shape (2) self illustration The New Planning Hierarchy 7) Law 119 of the year 2008, Articles from 1 to 19. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 13 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 2. The Supreme Council for Planning and Urban Development. (Shape 3) self illustration The supreme council of planning and urban development structure 8 The Supreme Council for planning and urban development Responsibilities 1-the council is responsible for approving and declaring the national goals and policies for the planning and urban development and the urban harmony. 2-The council is responsible for achieving goals of urban development. -coordinating between different entities concerned with planning and urban development and connexioning between the states economic development plan and urban de velopment plans. 4- fateing the valuable lands putting a vision for each land. 5-Empower the stakeholders to take their rules and responsibilities to achieve the national goals. 6-Evaluate the implantation of the National and the Regional strategic plans. 7-approving and declaration of The new urban development projects that lying removed the already stated urban borders according to the strategic development plans for the city or the village.The president announce the creation of the new city according to the recommendation of the supreme council. Deficits of the Supreme council for urban development and planning. The supreme council has no fixed dates to meet. Through the last 3 years they had only one meeting and the precede was a visionary plan to develop the desert but due to the change of the cabinet the vision was cancelled. Before the revolution there was no data whether they had a meeting or not. (8) base on art. 3. to 6. in the law 119 for the year 2008. Egyptian Ad ministrative And Planning Systems 14Egyptian planning Systems 4. 3. The world-wide Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) 9 The General Organization for Physical Planning is the responsible authority in the country for putting the general policies and visions for a sustainable urban development and preparing development plans and programs on all the levels (national, regional, locally), and responsible for revising and approving the urban plans on the local level according to the frame of the national and regional goals and policies. The General Organization for Physical Planning responsibilities10 Shape 4) self illustration of the Supreme Council for Planning and Urban development Responsibilities As it shown in shape 4, the GOPP has almost the province of every thing related to planning and urban development in Egypt, on all the scales and levels, even when they tried to breakdown this load and decentralize the process by creating the GOPP regional centers they kept the highe r word in the GOPPs hand. That lead to a weak planning process and very long time taken to start and finish a strategic development plan for any village or city. (9) craft 5. in the physical regulation total of the law 119. (10) ART 6. n the physical regulation list of the law 119. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 15 Egyptian planning Systems Egypts Planning Regions* Delta Region Alexandria region Suez canal region Northern upper Egypt region Asyut Region South Of Upper Egypt Region Fig. (2) The Planning Regions. Source Information and decision support center, Egypts description by information (2007), vol. 1. In 2004 GOPP decided to breakdown the Egyptian planning regions into 7 regions according to the existing economical regions, each region consists of more than 2 governorates, and they were distributed according to the main function of each governorate.That initiative purposed to decentralize the planning process and to distribute the work load on the new centers, As each center supposed to be more interfered in the region problems by coordinating with the local governorate directorate units (one in each governorate) and coach a primary development plan for each city and village in the region with the coordination and cooperation of the local planning units and assemblies. So those centers are the GOPPs arms, the link between the GOPP and the very local planning units.But still those centers dont have the power to approve a development plan or a program, GOPP has the upper hand to approve or refuse any development plan. So it was a decentralization of the work load not in the decision making process but its a step in the right path of decentralization. * For more details read Annex 1 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 16 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 4. The Regional planning centers (R. P. P. C) responsibilities ART. 7. the executive regulations list of the law 119 Establishing a regional planning center in each planning region (Fi g. ) follow the GOPP and taking over its responsibilities. Offer the technical support for the governments general admin. For urban planning units. Supervising the preparation and the implementation of the strategic plans for the region governments cities and villages. (Based on ART.. 11,12,13 from the law 119 for the year 2008) The governmental Planning department studies the proposed development plans from the local public authorities with the contribution of the local public council. The regional planning centers takes the responsibility for preparing the local development plans for the city or for the village . The regional planning center revise the plan and change it according to the notes. The General Organization For Physical Planning revise and approve the development plan. Preparing the regulation booklet for the cities or villages detailed plans. 4. 5. The General Administration Directorate For Urban Planning in each (Governorate) Responsibilities. ART. 8. n the exe cutive regulations list of the law 119 of the year 2008. Establishing in each governorate a general administration for the urban planning, takes over inside it region the responsibilities of preparing the detailed plans according to the planning regulations and building codes for the different land-uses also responsible for preparing the development programs. Thats all under the supervision of the regional planning center the unit follow. Based on the ART.. 8, 10, 14 from the law no. 119 of the year 2008. The general administration for urban planning is responsible for preparing a comprehensive report and submit it to the regional planning center , that report includes the needs and the development priorities for each city and village on the local level. Each unit Represent its development vision, suggestions for the required projects and the working plan to achieve this suggestions. The concerned managerial entity, the local assembly, the concerned executive authorities and rep resentatives from the civil societies cooperate with the administrative units in making the proposed development plans. The general admin. Units is responsible for representing the proposal of the strategic plan for the city or the village to the citizens , the concerned entities and the local assembly. Write the notes and the objections on the proposal and send them back to the regional planning center. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 17 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 6 Local authorities Responsibilities and Powers related to the planning issues Based on the Art. 115, 116,117,118 from the law no. 3 of the year 1979 Local authority can only be involved in joint investment projects using foreign investment after the acceptance of the concerned planning entities and the national investment authority and the central government. Local public authorities are responsible for preparing an integrated development plans based on the investments opportunities and strengths and pu tting a vision for managing the resources and send them to the concerned planning entities. The local authorities with the contribution of the planning entity, directed by the recommendations of the local public council puts the goals to achieve social and economical development. Based on the Art. 9, 16,17,19. of the 119 law of the year 2008. (executive regulation list. ) According to the needs and requirements the local assemblies specify, The GOPP through its regional centers and the governmental executive authority prepares the development plan and the local urban policies. The local units are responsible for supervising and reporting the development plans implementation progress for the governmental planning units and the regional planning centers. ART 16. In case of renewal plans and re-planning of the industrial, handicraft zones and the urban sprawl areas and the areas with a special values, the governor approve the plans after the approving of the public assembly and the l ocal authority. ART 17. the local authority isnt allowed to give building and constructing permissions unless the project stated in the detailed plans prepared by the governmental planning unit.Art. 19 the governor issue the taxes and fees of building after the approval of the local assembly. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 18 Egyptian planning Systems 5. Current planning process (decision making) and concerned entities. (self evaluation). Prepare the plan Require its approval Informed by the plan Prepare a primary plan (comprehensive S. W. O. T. analysis) Putting the policy and development strategies 1 prepares the detailed plans for its own projects. 2 prepares the detailed plans for its own projects.According to the unified building law the problems happened before issuing it like overlaps of responsibilities and Lack of co-ordination among these wide number of concerned entities supposed to be solved by creating the supreme council for urban planning, But still th e council itself is not efficient as it has no fixed dates to meet and the army still have the higher word in all of the projects like a country inside the country (even in the new constitution), also for the public participation in the local assemblies still very weak and un-efficient because people dont trust the government and the executive authority before and after the revolution, Corruption and fast money making still leading the planning system in Egypt. Self evaluation for the station after the unified building law. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 19 Egyptian planning Systems 6. (Table 4) The hierarchy and the content of the development plans. Responsible entity Produced plans Content of plans National level Regional level Specify the national planning principals and the urban development projects Specify the national projects and its implantation phases. specify the public sphere of influence role in the development plan. Specify the national and region al planning vision and principals for each planning region.Specify the national and regional projects and its implantation phases. Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project Specify the regional planning vision and principals for the government and matching it with the local cities and villages strategic plans. Prioritizing the projects and specific the implantation phases for each Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project. Maps scale Supreme council GOPP. GOPP R. P. C. 1-250000 1-100000 Governorate level GOPP R. P. C. The General Administration Directorate 1-50000 1-25000 Strategic levels (cities, district and villages) State the futuristic vision for each city and village.Puts the Social- economical- environmental plans and the local urban development plans to achieve the sustainable development. Specify the boundaries for each city and village. Determine the urban sprawl direction and specify the futures needs of land. specify the implementing plans, priorities , and the financing entities. Setting the Planning and building codes and regulations. Setting the Infrastructure and land uses implementing programs according to the approved city or village strategic plans. GOPP R. P. Centers The General Administration Directorate 1-10000 Detailed Plans For the (cities, district and villages) GOPP R. P.Centers The General Administration Directorate Local authority 1-5000 1-1000 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 20 Egyptian planning Systems 7. (Figure 4) The National Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 7. 2. (Figure 5) The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region) 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, . Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 21 Egyptian planning Systems 7. 3. (Figure 6) Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan Development strategy New cities sector New purposed urban settlements New purposed industrial zones New purposed port The Go vernorate urbanized sector The governorate apital Helwan New purposed industrial zones Existing industrial zone New investment area Dry Port Cairo-Sokhna Proposed Olympic city Proposed Olympic city International amusement park Natural Protectorates Helwan touristic Nile path The Governorate Rural sector Existing cities and rural settlements New proposed urban settlements Back desert settlements Existing agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Agricultural industry zones Dry port (El Koraymat- Al Zaafarana) Regional road (Cairo- Luxor) Regional road (Helwan- Suez) Regional road (Nile path) Main road (Al-Autostrade) Regional road (Al-Koraymat) 3 7. 4. (Figure 7) El Zabw (village) Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, .Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 22 Annex I. The Number of the economic regions and their capitals The presidential decree No 495 for the year 1977 established eight economic regi ons and identified a capital for each region. These regions were 1) Cairo Region Cairo is the capital. The region shall comprise Cairo and Giza governorates. 2) Alexandria Region Alexandria is the capital. The region shall comprise Alexandria and Behira governorates as well as the Nobareyya area. 3) Delta Region Tanta is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Monufeyya, Gharbeyya, Kafr Al-Sheikh, Damietta and Daqahleyya. 4) Suez Canal Region Ismailia is the capital.The region shall comprise the governorates of Sinai, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez and Sharqeyya, as well as the northern part of the Red Sea governorate up to, and including, the Gulf of Suez. 5) Matrouh Region (MERGED WITH ALEXANDRA REGION) Matrouh is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorate of Matrouh. 6) Northern Upper Egypt Region Menia is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Bani Suef, Menia and Fayoum, as well as a northern part of the Red Sea governorate. 7) Asyo ut Region Asyout is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Asyout and New Valley. 8) Southern Upper Egypt Region Aswan is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates Sohag, Qena and Aswan, as well as the southern part of the Red Sea governorate.In 1986, a prime ministerial decree number 181 was issued to merge Matrouh region with Alexandria region, and to have Alexandria is the capital of this new region. This meant that the number of regions decreased from eight to seven. It is worth mentioning that in the same year, the prime minster issued decree no 197 to establish a perpetration to examine the governorates composing economic regions in Egypt, however the committee did not recommend any changes in the composition and boundaries of the economic regions. In other words, the authoritative number and composition of economic regions in Egypt still follows the last amendments made in decree number 181 for the year 1986. Egyptian Administrative And Pla nning Systems 23 Annex II (Abbreviations). ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSCAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics ESW Economic Sector Work ECES Egyptian Center for Economic Studies FY Fiscal Year GCR Greater Cairo Region GOE Government of Egypt GOPP General Organization for Physical Planning HDB Housing and Development Bank IDA Industrial development authority IDSC Information and Decision Support Center. LGU Local governmental units MENA Middle East and North Africa Region MHUUD Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development MOI Ministry of Investment MOMDP Ministry of Defense and Military Production NAHP National affordable Housing Program NAHPA National Affordable Housing Program Agency NUCA New Urban Communities Authority R. P. C Regional planning centers TDA Tourism development authority Concerned Ministries and Entities Ministry of Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development. Ministry of Defense . Ministry of Endowments. Ministry of Investment . Ministry of Agricultural. Ministry of Transportation .Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. Entities, Authorities and Sectors GOPP concerned with the whole country urban planning and development on all levels. NUCA concerned with the detailed planning of the new cities, including the regulations and policies of each city. TDA concerned with the touristic projects, As planning and putting the policy and the regulations for each project and each touristic land. IDA concerned with the industrial projects. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 24 References References Unified urban law law 119 for the year 2008 Articles from 1-27. (In Arabic).Unified urban law The executive regulation list of the law 119 for the year 2008 Articles from 1-27. (In Arabic). The local authorities management law law 43 for the year 1979. (In Arabic. Dr. Khaled Zaki, Department of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG (United Cities and local Governments), cou ntry profile Egypt, www. (Analysis of housing supply mechanism In Egypt. Final report, 2007, the world bank. Information and decision support center, Egypts description by information (2007), vol. 1. www. gopp. org. http//www. uclg. org/en http//www. cities-localgovernments. org/ currency/country_profile_africa. aspc82 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 25

Bad Boys by Arnette Ferguson

Paige Kahalnik Sociology Bad Boys paper In the book, Bad Boys, Ann Arnett Ferguson goes on a three-year journey through genus Rosa Parks head teacher(a) School to observe and research why it is that mostly obscure males atomic number 18 ending up in jail and atomic number 18 unsalvageable from such a teenaged age. She interviews and observes daily interactions with the eleven and twelve year old students that guard been labeled at risk by their teachers and peers. She wants to research how it is macrocosm in domesticate when every(prenominal) of the educators permit already labeled them as unsalvagable, at risk, and bound for jail.These kids pretty much act in the way that their teachers treat them. They get into nettle every single day and most of the times these boys provoke it because thats how they hold there supposed to act because they think they atomic number 18 already waiver no where in life. At such a materialisation age, these boys, honorable because the y are black, shouldnt be viciousized and put in a polar socio-economic class than other boys. These children faced many challenges that effected how they learned in school, the way teachers and peers treated them, and how they are labeled as bad boys.Ann Arnett Ferguson said, in the course of my prove it became clear that school labeling practices and the exercise of rules operated as part of a hidden curriculum to marginalize and isolate black male youth in disciplinal spaces and brand them as criminally inclined(page 2). This means that the educators didnt really realize they were doing this and labeling these boys but it was more like a tradition and they saw naught wrong with it. This is purely based on race and obviously just about people are still in the mindset that black people are lowly to sportsmanlike people.Bad boys show black males from a very young age organism adultified and become very male making them becomes part of the criminal system early on. Adultific ation is a filter of overlapping representations of three accessiblely invented categories of difference age, gender and race. This is justified by saying that humans are different from animals, children different from adults, girls different from males, and blacks different from whites. African American boys are doubly displaced among society.Ann Arnett Ferguson says, they are not seen as childlike but adultified as black males they are denied the masculine dispensation constituting white males as being naturally naughty and are discerned as willfully bad(page 80). These African American boys are thought of being two things, either a criminal or an endangered species. They are not allowed to be naughty by nature according to society, but rather there naughtiness is a sign of vicious, inherent, insubordinate behavior.African americans are seen as endangered victims, which passs them criminals. Ferguson states, It is their own maladaptive and inappropriate behavior that causes Afr ican americans to self-destruct(page 82). in that location are two versions of childhood that are contradictory to each other. A real child would be seen as a little plants ready to buzz off up accordingly which is what white men were like to educators. On the other hand the African American boys were seen as children who are powerful, self centered, and have an agendum of their own.These black boys are seen as adults from such a young age, they dont have time to be young and grow up because others make it seem like they are already fully grown. This drives them in the path to do bad things and make bad decisions. In the beginning of the book, the vice principal of Rosa Parks Elementary school said that most of the children in the school would be headed for jail and that there was a jail cell with some of their names waiting on it. At first, Ferguson rejected this point of view and said that that was not firing to be true.After further research and observation, Ferguson definite ly looked at the situation differently. She said, While I rejected the labeling practices of the school vice principal , in my opening chapter, I also reluctantly admitted that by the end of school year, I too had come to suspect that a prison cell might have a place in the future of many Rosa Parks students (page 230). These boys have adopted the way that people treat them and it has such a negative effect on them that they are probably heading to jail.They are all being punished so much and isolated from the classroom that they arent learning anything throughout the days. They dont have many social interactions and dont have full access to resources that are needed. Educators might not see it, but they are a big reason that these children and being put behind bars and not meeting expectations that white boys meet. They are treated differently than white boys from such a young age, so they just start to act black like how everyone else thinks they should. They know they are getting treated differently, so they just keep it that way.Most of the people that end up in jail are usually African American boys. If these bad boys werent treated like they are some kind of poison, maybe they wouldnt be behind bars as life goes on for them. African American boys have to seem masculine every single day from such a young age because they were labeled as adults so early on. These boys thrive on their masculinity because this means that they have power and value. Their life doesnt have meaning if they arent throwing masculine performances to the best level. This is why so many African Americans get in trouble.They want to prove their masculinity through violence. When young African American boys are in school they fight to show others who they are. Most of these boys identify themselves in groups like gangs because it is a sense of home for them. They are all being treated differently than others and they come together based on the fact of their race and how others see them . There is never any white boys in these gangs they are all black. Gangs are a sign of family and equality when theyre with there homies. They do violent acts in gangs to show their masculinity to others and have others fear them.The public and the media see them as ghetto black boys who arent educated and are violent. Since so many people portray them as this, they tend to do these things. They know how people see them and so they act on it how they think they should be acting in correlation to what the media and public see them as. In the classroom the African American boys will talk out of hug drug, say mean comments to others, and not answer any questions that the teacher asks. They see this as a masculine performance. It is fundamental for these boys to engage with power while in the classroom or they dont feel like themselves.They are always seen as inferior to the white boys and girls in class, so they decide to stay that way and not play around with the hidden curriculum. B ad Boys shows that there is still race issues that are going on today. Whether the educators realize that they single out the black boys more than anyone or not, there hidden curriculum is very apparent in this book. Fergusons portraying of what happens to black boys is very real and happens to tons of them. It is true that mostly African Americans end up in jail and that they are treated like adults from such an early age that they already feel grown up by the time they are eleven or twelve.These boys are supposed to act black, so they do. These boys are supposed to act masculine, so they fight. These boys do everything that the public and media say they should and they dont know any other way of how to act. This has been going on for so long, that there is no turning back for these boys. This book will show people what is really going on and I think many educators, peers, parents, etc. will see this and really try to change the way they say and do things to African Americans. May be this book will turn some people around and these boys will be treated equally.